Determination of iron, copper and zinc microelement effects on the lipid and fatty acids of microalgae Spirulina platensis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor in Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor in Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Associate Professor in Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

The effects of Iron (Fe+2), copper (Cu+2) and zinc (Zn+2) trace elements on lipid and fatty acids of microalgae Spirulina platensis were investigated under laboratory conditions. The specimen cultured in Zarrouk media with 4 groups including control and 3 different concentrations of iron, zinc and copper trace elements with the volume of 10 times compare to control. Maximum and minimum of lipid contents were measured in iron and zinc treatments with 5.28 and 1.47% dry weight, respectively. The major group of fatty acids were C16:00, C18:00, C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C18:2n6 and C18:3n3. Maximum and minimum saturated fatty acids (SFA) were measured in iron and zinc treatments with 43.50 and 37.54 mg.g-1.dw-1, respectively. The highest value of mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) were determined in zinc and iron treatments (53.19 and 39/51 mg g-1 dw-1), respectively, compared with other treatments. In conclusion, zinc treatment increased the contents of EPA, DHA, MUFA and omega 6 as compared to other treatments and the highest amount of PUFA was obtained in iron treatment.

Keywords

References

Anderson R.A. 1996. Algae. P: 29–64. In: Hunter-Cevera J.C. and Belt A. (Eds.). Maintaining Cultures for Biotechnology and Industry. Academic Press Inc., UK.
Becker E.W. 1994. Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, UK. 293P.
Belay A., Kato T. and Ota Y. 1996. Spirulina (Arthrospira): Potential application as an animal feed supplement. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8: 303–311.
Belay A., Ota Y., Miyakawa K. and Shimamatsu H. 1993. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5: 235–241.
Boyer G.L. and Brand L.E. 1998. Trace elements and harmful algal blooms. P: 489–508. In: Anderson D.M., Cembella A.D. and Hallegraeff G.M. (Eds.). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. Springer, Germany.
Chen X., Baines S.B. and Fisher N.S. 2011. Can copepods be limited by the iron content of their food. Limnology and Oceanography, 56: 451–460.
Chisti Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25: 294–306.
Cloez I., Dumont O., Piciotti M. and Bourre J.M. 1987. Alterations of lipid synthesis in the normal and dysmyelinating trembler mouse sciatic nerve by heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Mn, Cu, Ni). Toxicology, 46: 65–71.
Das B.K., Roy A., Koschorreck M. and Mandal S.M. 2009. Occurrence and role of algae and fungi in acid mine drainage environment with special reference to metals and sulfate immobilisation. Water Research, 43: 883–894.
Delarocha C.A., Hutchins D.A., Berzezinski M. and Zhang Y. 2000. Effects of iron and zinc deficiency on elemental composition and silica production by diatoms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 195: 71–79.
Dou X., Lu X., Lu M., Yu L., Xue R. and Ji J. 2013. The effects of trace elements on the lipid productivity and fatty acid composition of Nannochloropsisoculata. Journal of Renewable Energy Volume, 2013: 1–6 (671545).
Eriksen N.T. 2008. Production of phycocyanin-a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 80: 1–14.
Ferreira L.S., Rodrigues M.S., De Carvalho J.C.M. and Lodi A. 2011. Adsorption of Ni2+ Zn2+ and Pb2+ onto dry biomass of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. I. Single metal systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 173: 326–333.
Firestone D. 1998. Official methods and recommended practices of the American oil chemists society. American Oil Chemists Society, USA. P: 3–38.
Fisher N.S. and Schwarzenbach R.P. 1978. Fatty acid dynamics in Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae): Implications for physiological ecology. Journal of Phycology, 14: 143–150.
Folch J.M. and Lees Sloane-Stanley G.H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226: 497–509.
Goh L.P., Loh S.P., Fatimah M.Y. and Perumal K. 2009. Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and tocopherols in marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and Chaetoceros sp. MalaysianJournal of  Nutrition, 15(1): 77–86.
Habib M.A.B., Parvin M., Huntington T.C. and Hasan M.R. 2008. A Review on Culture, Production and Use of Spirulina as Food for Humans and Feeds for Domestic Animals and Fish. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. No. 1034. FAO, Rome. 33P.
Hamed El-Naggar A. and Sheikh H.M. 2014. Response of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris to the oxidative stress caused by some heavy metals. Life Science Journal, 11(10): 1349–1357.
Henrikson R. 1994. Spirulina microalgae. Superfood of the future. Barcelona, Spain. 222P.
Huang G.H., Chen F., Wei D., Zhang X.W. and Chen G. 2010. Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology. Applied Energy, 87: 38–46.
Jonasdottir S.H. 1994. Effects of food quality on the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica: Laboratory observations. Marine Biology, 121: 67–81.
Kilulya K.F., Mamba B.B. and Msagati T.A.M. 2015. Extraction procedures and GCxGC-TOFMS determination of fatty acids (FAs) in cyanobacteria cultures and the effect of growth media iron concentration variation on cellular FAs composition. Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, S7: 1–6 (S7-009).
Klein Breteler W.C.M., Schogt N. and Rampen S. 2005. Effect of diatom nutrient limitation on copepod development: Role of essential lipids. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 291: 125–133.
Liu Z.Y., Wang G.C. and Zhou B.C. 2008. Effect of iron on growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresource Technology, 99(11): 4717–4722.
Lovley D.R. 2000. Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions. ASM Press, USA. 408P.
Madkour F.F., Kamil A.E. and Nasr H.S. 2012. Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 38: 51–57.
Mortensen S.H., Borsheim K.Y., Rainuzzo J.R. and Knutsen G. 1988. Fatty acid and elemental composition of the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis Schutt. Effects of silicate deprivation, temperature and light intensity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 122: 173–185.
Mosulishvili L.M., Kirkesali E.I., Belokobylsky A.I., Khizanashvili A.I., Frontasyeva M.V. and Pavlov S.S. 2002. Experimental substantiation of the possibility of developing selenium and iodine-containing pharmaceuticals based on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30: 87–97.
Munoz R. and Guieysse B. 2006. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: A review. Water Research, 40: 2700–2815.
OECD 2011. Guidelines for testing of chemicals proposal for updating guideline 201. Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test. OCED, France. 21P.
Petkov G. and Garcia G. 2007. Which are fatty acids of the green alga Chlorella? Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Journal, 35: 281–285.
Renaud S.M., Parry D.L., Luong-Van T., Kuo C., Padovan A. and Sammy N. 1991. Effect of light intensity on the proximate biochemical and fatty acid composition of Isochrysis sp. and Nannochloropsis oculata for use in tropical aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 3(1): 43–53.
Rion B. and Alloway J. 2004. Fundamental aspects of zinc in soils and plants. International Zinc Association, 23: 1–128.
Romera E., Gonzales F., Ballester A., Blazquez M.L. and Munoz J.A. 2007. Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of algae.Bioresource Technology, 98: 3344–3353.
Sanchez M., Bernal-Castillo J., Rozo C. and Rodriguez I. 2003. Spirulina (Arthrospira): An edible microorganism: A review. University Scientiarum Revista de la Facuitad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 8(1): 7–24.
Shifrin N.S. and Chisholm S.W. 1981. Phytoplankton lipids: Interspecific differences and effects of nitrate, silicate, and light-dark cycles. Journal of Phycology, 17: 374–384.
Soeprobowati T.R. and Hariyati R. 2014. Phycoremediation of Pb+2, Cd+2, Cu+2, and Cr+3 by Spirulina platensis (Gomont) Geitler. American Journal of BioScience, 2(4): 165–170.
Sun Y. and Huang Y. 2017. Effect of trace elements on biomass, lipid productivity and fatty acid composition in Chlorella sorokiniana. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 40: 871–881.
Szabolcs M., Kiss A., Virag D. and Forgo P. 2013. Comparative studies on accumulation of selected microelements by Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris with the prospects of functional food development. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Process Technology, 4(7): 1–6.
Vaishampayan A., Sinha R.P., Hader D.P., Dey T. and Gupta A.K. 2001. Cyanobacterial biofertilizers in rice agriculture. The Botanical Review, 67: 453–516.
Vonshak A. 1997. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira), Physiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London. 233P.
Wang Z., Chen S. and Cao X. 2010. Micro-nutrients effects on algae colony: Growth rate and biomass response to various micro-nutrients and competitive inhibitions among multi-microelements. Symposium of 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, China. P: 1–8.
Yang J., Cao J., Xing G. and Yuan H. 2015. Lipid production combined with biosorption and bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc by oleaginous microalgae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341. Bioresource Technology, 175: 537–544.
Zarrouk C. 1966. Contribution to the study of a cyanobacterium: Influence of various physical and chemical factors on growth and photosynthesis of Spirulina maxima (Setchell and Gardner) Geitler. PhD Thesis, University of Paris, France. 523P.
Zhi-Yong L., Si-Yuang G. and Lin L. 2003. Bioeffects of selenite on growth of Spirulina platensis and its biotransformation. Bioresource Technology, 89: 171–176.
Aquatic Physiology and Biotechnology
Volume 8, Issue 8
December 2020
Pages 21-36

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics