Interactive effects of stocking density and dietary protein level on some growth parameters, hematology and immune response of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) to Aeromonas hydrophila in modern biofloc System

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor in Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

2 Ph.D. in Fisheries, Iran Fisheries Organization, Behbahan, Iran

3 Associate Professor in Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

4 M.Sc. in Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

5 Associate Professor in Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian and Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

6 Assistant Professor in Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

10.22124/japb.2022.21823.1459

Abstract

The present study investigated the impact of stocking density and dietary protein level on the growth, hematology, immunity and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp reared under biofloc conditions for 60 days.  Fish (12.09±0.99g) were stocked into 15 tanks in a 2×2 factorial design consisting of two stocking densities and two protein levels in biofloc system include: moderate stocking density (10kg.m-3) with 25 and 35% protein (MD25 and MD35) and high stocking density (20kg.m-3) with 25 and 35% protein (HD25 and HD35). The control group of fish was in clean water with moderate density (10kg.m-3) and 35% protein. The growth of fish was significantly higher and the FCR was lower in MD35 group, when compared to other groups. WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were reduced while red blood cell count increased in fish reared in MD35 group. IgM, ACH50 and bactericidal activity of fish serum were significantly higher in MD35 group than other groups. Based on the present results, it is recommended to culture of common carp in the biofloc system with stocking density of 10 kg.m−3. As well as, the biofloc system can compensate for up to a 10% reduction in the diet in MD group.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

آدینه ح. و هرسیج م. 1397. تاثیر سطوح مختلف بیوفلاک بر کیفیت آب، عملکرد رشد و بازماندگی پست لارو میگوی وانامی (Litopenaeus vannamei). مجله تحقیقات دامپزشکی، 73(4): 401- 393.
آدینه ح.، جعفریان ح.، خادمی­حمیدی م.، کریم­تبار ف.ز. و صداقت ز. 1400. تاثیر کاهش نرخ غذادهی ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) بر عملکرد رشد و تغذیه، شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی خون و کیفیت آب در سیستم بیوفلاک در مقایسه با آب تمیز. شیلات، 74(3): 466-453.
بهره­مند م. و سلیمانی­راد آ. 1396. تاثیر تراکم ذخیره‌سازی بر عملکرد رشد، ایمنی و استرس در ماهی کوی (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi Linnaeus, 1758). نشریه علمی بوم‌شناسی آبزیان، 6(4):۲۰-۱۰.
سازمان شیلات ایران. 1398. سالنامه آماری سازمان شیلات ایران (1397-1391). 64ص.
عالی­محمودی م. و محمدی آذرم ح. 1400. اثر نسبت‌های مختلف کربن به ازت و پروتئین غذایی بر ایمنی بچه ماهی کپور معمولی در سیستم بایوفلاک. مجله بهره‌برداری و پرورش آبزیان، 10(3): 13-1.
محمودی خوش­دره­گی م.، حاجی مرادلو ع. و دستار ب. 1398. تعیین سطح مناسب پروتئین جیره ‌غذایی بچه‌ ماهیان کپور‌ معمولی (Cyprinus carpio) بر اساس برخی از پارامترهای رشد، خون و بیوشیمیایی سرم در سیستم بیوفلوک. نشریه پژوهش­های ماهی‌شناسی کاربردی، ۷(۱): 84-61.
Adineh H., Naderi M., Hamidi M. K. and Harsij M. 2019. Biofloc technology improves growth, innate immune responses, oxidative status, and resistance to acute stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under high stocking density. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 95: 440–448.
Adineh H., Naderi M., Yousefi M., Khademi Hamidi M., Ahmadifar E. and Hoseini S.M. 2021. Dietary licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) improves growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant and immune responses, and resistance to crowding stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture Nutrition, 27(2): 417–426.
Aksakal E., Ekinci D., Erdogan O., Beydemir S., Alim Z. and Ceyhun S.B. 2011. Increasing stocking density causes inhibition of metabolic-antioxidant enzymes and elevates mRNA levels of heat shock protein 70 in rainbow trout. Livestock Science, 141: 69–75.
Andrade T., Afonso A., Perez-Jimenez A., Oliva-Teles A., De Las Heras V., Mancera J.M. and Costas B. 2015. Evaluation of different stocking densities in a Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) farm: Implications for growth, humoral immune parameters and oxidative status. Aquaculture, 438: 6–11.
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, USA.
Avnimelech Y. 2009. Biofloc Technology. A Practical Guide Book. The World Aquaculture Society, USA. 182P.
Azim M.E. and Little D.C. 2008. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283(1-4): 29–35.
Bakhshi F.H., Najdegerami E., Manaffar R., Tokmechi A., Rahmani Farah K. and Shalizar Jalali A. 2018. Growth performance, haematology, antioxidant status, immune response and histology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Aquaculture Research, 49(1): 393–403.
Balcazar J.L., De Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Cunningham D., Vendrell D. and Muzquiz J.L. 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology, 114: 173–186.
Balzaretti S., Taverniti V., Guglielmetti S., Fiore W., Minuzzo M., Ngo H.N. and Laws A.P. 2017. A novel rhamnose-rich hetero-exopolysaccharide isolated from Lactobacillus paracasei DG activates THP-1 human monocytic cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83(3): 1–2 (02702-16).
Barnes A.C., Young F.M., Horne M.T. and Ellis A.E. 2003. Streptococcus iniae: Serological differences, presence of capsule and resistance to immune serum killing. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 53(3): 241–247.
Battisti E.K., Rabaioli A., Uczay J., Sutili F.J. and Lazzari R. 2020. Effect of stocking density on growth, hematological and biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) cultured in a biofloc system. Aquaculture, 524: 1–32 (735213).
Benfey T.J. and Biron M. 2000. Acute stress response in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Aquaculture, 184(1-2): 167–176.
Braun N., De Lima R.L., Baldisserotto B., Dafre A.L. and De Oliveira Nuner A.P. 2010. Growth, biochemical and physiological responses of Salminus brasiliensis with different stocking densities and handling. Aquaculture, 301(1-4): 22–30.
Crab R., Chielens B., Wille M., Bossier P. and Verstraete W. 2010. The effect of different    carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. Aquaculture Research, 41(4): 559–567.
Crab R., Defoirdt T., Bossier P. and Verstraete W. 2012. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: Beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture, 356-357: 351–356.
De Schryver P., Crab R., Defoirdt T., Boon N. and Verstraete W. 2008. The basics of bioflocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277: 125–137.
Ebrahimi A., Akrami R., Najdegerami E.H., Ghiasvand Z. and Koohsari H. 2020. Effects of different protein levels and carbon sources on water quality, antioxidant status and performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles raised in biofloc based system. Aquaculture, 516: 1–9 (734639).
Elayaraja S., Mabrok M., Algammal A., Sabitha E., Rajeswari M.V., Zagorsek K. and Rodkhum C. 2020. Potential influence of jaggery-based biofloc technology at different C: N ratios on water quality, growth performance, innate immunity, immune-related genes expression profiles, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 107: 118–128.
FAO. 2020. FAO Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy. 111P.
Fauji H., Budiardi T. and Ekasari J. 2018. Growth performance and robustness of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in biofloc‐based nursery production with different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research, 49(3): 1339–1346.
Goldenfarb P.B., Bowyer F.P., Hall E. and Brosious E. 1971. Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: The microhematocrit determination. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35–39.
Heras V.D., Martos-Sitcha J.A., Yufera M., Mancera J.M. and Martinez-Rodriguez G. 2015. Influence of stocking density on growth, metabolism and stress of thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) juveniles. Aquaculture, 448: 29–37.
Ju Z.Y., Forster I., Conquest L. and Dominy W. 2008. Enhanced growth effects on shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 533–543.
Kajita Y., Sakai M., Atsuta S. and Kobayash M. 1990. The immunonodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathology, 25(2): 93–98.
Kishawy A.T., Sewid A.H., Nada H.S., Kamel M.A., El-Mandrawy S.A., Abdelhakim T. and Ibrahim D. 2020. Mannan-oligosaccharides as a carbon source in Biofloc boost dietary plant protein and water quality, growth, immunity and Aeromonas hydrophila resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals, 10(10): 1–24 (1724).
Lee R.G., Foerster J., Jukens J., Paraskevas F., Greer J.P. and Rodgers G.M. 1998. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA. 2312P.
Liu G., Ye Z., Liu D., Zhao J., Sivaramasamy E., Deng Y. and Zhu S. 2018. Influence of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune responses, antioxidant of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings in biofloc systems. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 81: 416–422.
Llorente M.T., Martos A. and Castano A. 2002. Detection of cytogenetic alterations and blood cell changes in natural populations of carp. Ecotoxicology, 11(1): 27–34.
Long L., Yang J., Li Y., Guan C. and Wu F. 2015. Effect of biofloc technology on growth, digestive enzyme activity, hematology, and immune response of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 448: 135–141.
Maita M. 2007. Fish health assessment. P: 10–34. In: Nakagawa H., Sato M. and Gatlin D.M. (Eds.). Dietary Supplements for the Health and Quality of Cultured Fish. CAB International, UK.
Mohammadi G., Rafiee G., Tavabe K.R., Abdel-Latif H.M. and Dawood M.A. 2021. The enrichment of diet with beneficial bacteria (single-or multi-strain) in biofloc system enhanced the water quality, growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 539: 736640.
Najdegerami E.H., Bakhshi F. and Lakani F.B. 2016. Effects of biofloc on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and liver histology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings in zero-water exchange system. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 42(2): 457–465.
North B.P., Ellis T., Turnbull J.F., Davis J. and Bromage N.R. 2006. Stocking density practices of commercial UK rainbow trout farms. Aquaculture, 259(1-4): 260–267.
Pathiratne A. and Rajapakshe W. 1998. Hematological changes associated with the epizootic ulcerative syndrome in the Asian cichlid fish, Etroplus suratensis. Asian Fisheries Science, 11: 203–212.
Rehulka J. 2000. Influence of astaxanthin on growth rate, condition, and some blood indices of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 190(1-2): 27–47.
Reyes-Becerril M., Tovar-Ramirez D., Ascencio-Valle F., Civera-Cerecedo R., Gracia-Lopez V. and Barbosa-Solomieu V. 2008. Effects of dietary live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the immune and antioxidant system in juvenile leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea exposed to stress. Aquaculture, 280: 39–44.
Ross L.G. and Ross B. 2008. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 222P.
Sunyer J.O. and Tort L. 1995. Natural hemolytic and bactericidal activities of sea bream Sparus aurata serum are affected by the alternative complement pathway. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 45: 333–345.
Swaminathan T.R., Rathore G., Abidi R. and Kapoor D. 2004. Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila by polymerase chain reaction. Indian Journal of Fisheris, 51(2): 251–254.
Tokur B., Ozkutuk S., Atici E., Ozyurt G. and Ozyurt C.E. 2006. Chemical and sensory quality changes of fish fingers, made from mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758), during frozen storage (-18 C). Food Chemistry, 99(2): 335–341.
Tort L. 2011. Stress and immune modulation in fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 35: 1366–1375.
Wang N., Xu X. and Kestemont P. 2009. Effect of temperature and feeding frequency on growth performances, feed efficiency and body composition of pikeperch juveniles (Sander lucioperca). Aquaculture, 289: 70–73.
Wei Y., Liao S.A. and Wang A.L. 2016. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, 465: 88–93.
Widanarni W., Ekasari J. and Maryam S. 2012. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 19(2): 73–80.
Xu W.J. and Pan L.Q. 2013. Enhancement of immune response and antioxidant status of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile in biofloc-based culture tanks manipulating high C/N ratio of feed input. Aquaculture, 412: 117–124.
Xu W.J., Pan L.Q., Zhao D.H. and Huang J. 2012. Preliminary investigation into the contribution of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 350: 147–153.
Zaki M.A., Alabssawy A.N., Nour A.E.A.M., El Basuini M.F., Dawood M.A., Alkahtani S. and Abdel-Daim M.M. 2020. The impact of stocking density and dietary carbon sources on the growth, oxidative status and stress markers of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc conditions. Aquaculture Reports, 16: 1–8 (10022).
Zare R., Bahmani M., Yavari V., Kazemi R., Fazeli N., Poordehghany M. and Mohamadian T. 2012. Effects of rearing density on leukocytes and plasma cortisol level of Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii). Iranian Veterinary Journal, 8(2): 22–32.
Zhao Z.G., Xu Q.Y., Luo L., Yin J.S. and Wang C.A. 2013. Effect of adding carbon source on growth of fish and water quality in Songpu mirror carp (Cyprinus specularis Songpu) pond. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 44: 105–112.
Aquatic Physiology and Biotechnology
Volume 10, Issue 4
March 2022
Pages 95-121

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics