Improving effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder as a supplement on growth performance and immune system of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MsC Graduated Student, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Islamic Azad University Branch of Rasht, Rasht, Iran

2 Assistant Professor in Department of Fisheries, Dr. Keyvan Research Center for Fisheries

3 Associate Professor in Caspian Sea International Sturgeon Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Effect of different level of Allium sativum on growth performances and some immune system indices of juvenile Acipenser baerii were investigated. 150 Acipenser baerii juveniles by the average weight of 30.45±0.40g without significant difference were stocked in fifteen fiberglass tanks and fed by five diets with different level of added garlic powder (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%), including AS0، AS0.5، AS1،AS1.5، AS2 for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, highest of final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, the specific growth rate was due to fish fed by AS0.5 and AS1 which had a significant difference with fish fed by control (AS0) diet (P<0.05). The best food conversion ratio was recorded in fish fed by AS1 diet (P<0.05). Fish fed AS1 had highest protein efficiency ratio compared other treatments (P<0.05). A significant increasing amount of plasma lysozyme were found in fish fed AS1 and AS1.5 compared control (P<0.05). However, the highest of the value of IgM were recorded in AS1.5 (P<0.05). Complement (C4) was not affected on different levels of garlic. Results of this study indicated that Allium sativum (1 and 1.5%) had a positive effect on growth rate and some of the immune system (lysozyme and IgM) of Acipenser baerii.

Keywords


بهمنیم.وکاظمیر.1377.مطالعه بافت‌شناسی غدد جنسی در تاسماهیان جوان پرورشی. مجله علمی شیلات ایران، 7(1): 15-1.
پیغان ر.، رضایی آ. و زادپرور ن. 1393. مطالعه تاثیر عصاره سیر خام بر میزان رشد و هیستوپاتولوژی کبد، کلیه و حباب روده‌ای در ماهی کپور معمولی (Cyprinus carpio). نشریه دامپزشکی، 27(4): 78-68.
حمیداوی ا. 1390. بررسی اضافه کردن پودر سیر Allium sativum به غذا و تاثیر آن بر بافت روده و شاخص‌های رشد ماهی کپور معمولی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد خرمشهر. 130ص.
 خدادادی م.، پیغان ر. و حمیداوی آ. 1391. بررسی تاثیر افزودنی خوراکی پودر سیر (Allium sativum)  بر روی شاخص‌های رشد ماهی کپور معمولی. نشریه علوم درمانگاهی و دامپزشکی ایران، 6(2): 56-48.
رخشان م.، احمدی ک. و مجتهدزاده ر. 1379. خون‌شناسی، انعقاد و طب انتقال خون- تشخیص و پیگیری بالینی بیماری‌ها به کمک روش‌های آزمایشگاهی هنری (دیویدسن؛ ترجمه). انتشارات تیمورزاده. 216ص.
رئیسیم.،فخریانم.،جعفریانم.وورشوچی ح. 1392. مطالعه تاثیر اسانس برخی گیاهان  غیردارویی بر تاسماهی استرلیاد (Acipenserruthenus). مجله علمی پژوهشی زیست‌شناسی دریا (دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز)، 6(21): 28-23.
زارعح.،حسینیس.ع.،سوداگرم.وزنده‌بودیم. 1393. اثرات عصاره سیر بر شاخص‌های رشد و مقاومت پست لارو  میگوی وانامی (Litopenaeus vanamei) و تحمل آن در برابر استرس‌های شوری وpH . مجله بهره‌برداری و پرورش آبزیان، 3(1): 16-1.
سلطانی م.، ظریف‌منش ط. و  ذریه‌زهرا س. ج. 1391. مطالعه تاثیر اسانس آویشن شیرازی (Zataria multiflora) بر میزان فعالیت سیستم عامل مکمل و لایزوزیم خون ماهی قزل‌آلای رنگین‌کمان. مجله علمی شیلات ایران،21(4): 23-13.
شفیع‌زاده ف. 1381.گیاهان دارویی لرستان. انتشارات دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان. 576ص.
یزدانی ساداتی م.ر.، پورکاظمی م.، شکوریان م.، پورعلی فشتمی ح.ر.، پیکران مانا ن.، سیدحسنی م.ح.، یگانه ه. و پورصفر م. 1390. ترویج و پرورش فیل‌ماهی به منظور تولید گوشت و خاویار. موسسه تحقیقات شیلات ایران. 59ص.
 
 
Acton R.T., Weinheimer P.F., Hall S.J., Niedermeier W., Shelton E. andBennettJ.C.1971.Tetrameric immune macroglobulin in three orders of bony fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 68: 107–111.
Agarwal K.C. 1996. Therapeutic action of garlic constituents. Review Journal of Medical Research, 16: 111–124.
Ahmed S.D., Salah M.A., George J., Yasser A. and Mohamed H.F.M. 2008. Effect of garlic, black seed and Biogen as immunostimulants on the growth and survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), and their response to artificial infection with Pseudomonas fluorescens. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 33: 63–68.
AmagaseH.,PeteschB.L.,MatsuuraH., Kasuga S. and Itakura Y. 2001. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as a supplement intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Journal of Nutrition, 131: 955S–962S.
Arora D.S. and Kaur J. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 12: 257–262.
Bricknell I. and Dalmo R.A. 2005. The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 19(5): 457–472.
Corzo-Martinez M., Corzo N. and
Villamiel M. 2007. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 18: 609–625.
Dalmo R.A. and Seljelid R. 1995. The immunomodulatory effect of LPS, laminaran and sulphated laminaran [b(1,3)-D-glucan] on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., macrophages in vitro. Journal of Fish Diseases, 18(2): 175–185.
Diab A.S., El-Nagar G.O. and Abd-El-Hady Y.M. 2002. Evaluation of Nigella sativa L. (black seeds; baraka), Allium sativum (garlic) and BIOGEN as feed additives on growth performance and immune-stimulants of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal, 122: 745–775.
Ellis A.E., Stolen J.S., Fletcher T.C., Anderson D.P., Roberson B.S. and Van Muiswinkel W.B. 1990. Lysozyme Assay, Techniques in Fish Immunology. Fair Haven, NJ: SOS Publications, USA. 220P.
Engstad R.E., Robertson B. and Frivold E. 1992. Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2: 287–297.
Farahi A., Kasiri M., Sudagar M., Iraei M.S. and Shahkolaei M.D. 2010. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth factors, some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AACL BIOFLUX Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation, 3(4): 317–323.
Fazlolahzadeh F., Keramati K., Nazifi S., Shirian S. and Seifi S. 2011. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematological parameters and plasma activities of ALT and AST of rainbow trout in temperature stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9): 84–90.
Hung S.S.O. and Lutes P.B. 1987. Optimum feeding rate of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) at 20°C. Aquaculture, 65: 307–317.
Hung S.S.O. 1991. Nutrition and feeding of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): An overview. P: 65–77. In: Williot P. (Ed.). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Sturgeon, Cemagref, France. 
Jayaprakas V. and Euoharsia J. 1996. Growth performance of Labeo rohita (ham) Livol (IHF-1000) an herbal product. Indian National Science Academic, 63: 1–10.
Jenkins J.A. and Ourth D.D. 1993. Opsonic effect of the al­ternative complement pathway on channel catfish peripheral blood phagocytes. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 39: 447–459.
Kaushik S.J., Luquet P., Blanc D. and Paba A. 1989. Studies on the nutrition of the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii: I. Utilization of digestible carbohydrates by sturgeon. Aquaculture, 50: 89–101.
Khalil R.H., Nadia B.M. and Suleiman M.K. 2001. Effect of diojen and levamisol HICl on the minio response of cultured Oreochromis nilotricus to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine. Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association, 11(2): 381–392.
Kown O.S., Cho J.H., Min B.J., Kim H.J., Chen Y.G., Yoo J.S., Kim I.H., La J.C. and Park H.K. 2005. Effect of supplemental medicinal plants (Artemisia, Acanthopanax and garlic) on growth performance, IGF-1 and meat quality characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 25(3): 316–321.
Lammens M., Decostere A. and Haaesebrouck F. 2000. Effects of Flavobaterium psychrophilium strains and their metabolites on the oxidative activity of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss phagocytes. Disease of Aquaculture Organism, 41: 173–179.
LapatraS.E.,LaudaK.A.,Jones
G.R., Sjhewmaker W.S. and Bayne C.J. 1998. Resistance to IHN virus infection in rainbow trout is increased by glucan while subsequent production of serum neutralizing activity is decreased. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 8: 435–446.
Magnadottir B. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20: 137–151.
Matsuyama M., Adachi S., Nagahama Y., Kitajima C. and Matsuura S. 1991. Annual reproductive cycle of the captive female Japanese sardine  Sardinops melanostictus: Relationship to ovarian development and serum levels of gonadal steroid hormones. Marine Biology, 108: 21–29.
Medale F., Blank D. and Kaushik S.J. 1991. Studies on the nutrition of Siberian sturgeon, (A. baeri). 11. Utilization of dietary non protein energy by sturgeon. Aquaculture, 93: 143–154.
Mohseni M., Ozorio R.O.A., Pourkazemi M. and Bai S.C. 2008. Effects of dietary L-Carnitine supplements on growth and body in beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24: 646–649.
Ndong D. and Fall J. 2011. The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology Research, 3(1): 1–9.
Ndong D., Chen Y.Y., Lin Y.H., Vaseeharan B. and Chen J.C. 2007. The immune response of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and its susceptibility to Streptococcus iniae under stress in low and high temperatures. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 22(6): 686–694.
Nwabueze A.A. 2012. The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Sustainable Agriculture Research, 1(2): 222–228.
Nya E.J. and Austin B. 2009. Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases, 32: 963–970.
Paulsen S.M., Lunde H., Engstad R.E. and Robertsen B. 2003. In vivo effects of glucan and LPS on regulation of lysozyme activity and mRNA expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 14: 39–54.
Peddie V.L., Van Teijlingen E. and Bhattacharya S. 2005. A qualitative study of women’s decision-making at the end of IVF treatment. Human Reproduction, 20: 1944–1951.
Platel K. and Srinivasan K. 2004. Stimulant action of spices: A myth or reality. Indian of Medical Research, 119: 167–179.
Raa J. 1996. The use of immune-stimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 4(3): 229–288.
Ronyai A., Peteri A. and Radics F. 1990. Cross breeding of sterlet and Lena River’s sturgeon. Aquaculture Hungarica (Szarvas), 6: 13–18.
Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan J. and Sarangi N. 2007. Effects of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23: 80–86.
Shalaby A.M., Khattab Y.A. and Abdel Rahman A.M. 2006. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(2): 172–201.
Shi X., Zhuang P., Zhang L., Feng G., Chen L., Liu J. and Wang R. 2009. Growth inhibition of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from dietary and waterborne fluoride. Research Report Fluoride, 42(2): 137–141.
Talpur A.D. and Ikhwanuddin M. 2012. Dietary effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on haemato-immunological parameters, survival, growth, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Aquaculture, 364-365: 6-12.
Thanikachalam K., Kasi M. and Rathinam X. 2010. Effect of garlic peel on growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) fingerlings. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 614–618.
Xue M., Luo W., Ren Z., Gao P., YuY.andPearlG.2006.Effects of six alternative lipid sources on growth and tissue fatty acid composition in Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax Japanicus). Aquaculture, 206: 206–214.
Yano T., Matsuyama H. and Mangindaan R.E.P. 1991. Poly-saccharide induced protection of carp Cyprinus carpio against bacterial infection. Journal of Fish Disease, 14: 577–582.